Probability theory forms the mathematical backbone for quantifying uncertainty and random events, providing a rigorous language with which to describe both everyday phenomena and complex scientific ...

Imprecise probability theory provides a robust alternative to traditional probability by representing uncertainty through ranges or sets of values rather than single numerical estimates. This ...

To calculate the probability of an event, the total number of possible outcomes is often required. For simple situations, making a list or completing a sample space diagram is enough but in more ...