Natural selection uses duplicated genes as raw material for functional innovation, co-opting their existing features to new functions. Understanding genetic innovation requires two questions to be ...

Enzymes help with specific functions that are vital to the operation and overall health of the human body. They help speed up chemical reactions and are essential for respiration, digestion, muscle ...

Peter Gratton, Ph.D., is a New Orleans-based editor and professor with over 20 years of experience in investing, risk management, and public policy. Peter began covering markets at Multex (Reuters) ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Thomas J Catalano is a CFP and Registered ...

Memory is the faculty by which the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information. It is a record of experience that guides future action. Memory encompasses the facts and experiential details that ...