In the half-century since the transistor was invented, this workhorse component of almost every electronic device has shrunk from the size of a pencil eraser to smaller than a bacterium. The ...

In the late 1990s I was working for a company that manufactures sub-systems for tramways, subways and light rail car manufacturers. One day my boss tells me that one of our inverters, a 5 kW DC to ...

Explains the principles of transistor switching circuits, highlighting their role in electronic computers. It contrasts transistors with vacuum tubes, emphasizing that transistors function as ...

Optical signals in conventional optoelectronic devices have to be converted into electronic signals when they are amplified or manipulated. But the slow pace of electrons through silicon-based ...