A previous article on jitter (Synch and clock recovery – an analog guru looks at jitter) defined jitter and its various sub-components. The purpose of this note is to answer the question, “So now that ...

Subscribe here to receive similar articles over e-mail whenever Krishna Pillai publishes an article on his site. The article compares various digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, PAM, 16PSK, ...

This file type includes high resolution graphics and schematics when applicable. The bit error ratio (BER) is defined as the probability that a bit is received in ...