Forget GPS. With no fancy maps or even brains, immune system cells can solve a simple version of the traveling-salesman problem, a computational conundrum that has vexed mathematicians for decades.

Figure 1: Traveling Salesman Problem Using an Evolutionary Algorithm in Action This article assumes you have intermediate or better programming skill but doesn't assume you know anything about ...

We report the solution to optimality of ten large-scale symmetric travelling salesman problems. The travelling salesman problem (TSP) is one of the standard problems of the Operations ...

We designed a simple computational exercise to compare weak and strong integer programming formulations of the traveling salesman problem. Using commercial IP software, and a short (60 line long) ...

A tool called linear programming allows us to do just that by assigning fractions to roads that join pairs of cities rather than deciding immediately whether to use a road or not.