Biology uses generative systems. Genomes consist of an alphabet of four nucleotides, which, together with certain rules for how to produce proteins and organize cells, generates an unlimited variety ...

Effective learning isn't just about finding the easiest path—it's about the right kind of challenge. Two prominent theories—Desirable Difficulties (DDF) and Cognitive Load Theory (CLT)—offer valuable ...

One of the main impacts of learning theory is on engineering. Systems that learn from examples to perform a specific task have many applications 6. For instance, a system may be needed to recognize ...

The aged linguist and activist Noam Chomsky is suddenly back in the news, not because of his political pronouncements, but because of the highly technical linguistic theories he enunciated more than ...

Neuroscientists find that trying harder makes it more difficult to learn some aspects of language. When it comes to learning languages, adults and children have different strengths. Adults excel at ...

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been a subject of fascination and concern for many years. In previous interviews with renowned linguists Noam Chomsky and Ray Jackendoff, Tehran Times explored their ...