The versatile phase-locked loop (PLL) allows multiplication of a reference frequency with an operating frequency that ranges from “DC to daylight.” A PLL is overkill for some applications, however, ...

In a proof-of-concept study, researchers have created self-assembled, protein-based circuits that can perform simple logic functions. The work demonstrates that it is possible to create stable digital ...

The previous article examined the concept of logic gates. They can be made from discrete and active electronic components, although today logic gates are available within integrated circuits. In this ...

From simple transistors to complex systems, this article explains the building blocks of digital logic design. Learn how ...

The work builds into cells the same logic gates found in electronic computers and creates a method to create circuits by “rewiring” communications between cells. This system can be harnessed to turn ...

Living cells make decisions based on information processing genetic programmes. Many of these programmes execute digital functions 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. The capability to build synthetic digital systems in ...