Graph algorithms constitute a pivotal component of modern computational science, underpinning diverse applications ranging from transportation optimisation and telecommunications to social network ...

The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is a metaheuristic nature-inspired technique for solving various combinatorial optimization problems. The shortest-path problem is an important ...

This paper considers the shortest path problem with waiting costs (SPWC) as an extension to the shortest path problem with time windows. The problem consists of finding the minimum cost path in a ...