Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. David Birch is a London-based advisor on digital financial services.

“Since captchas kick in after the fake click has already occurred, it doesn't matter if the visitor is a human or a bot, you've already been charged by the ad network,” said Trey Vanes, Polygraph’s ...

The battle against bots in digital advertising has been a persistent challenge in the Web2 era. Techniques like traffic filtering and machine learning have been employed but limitations remain. Enter ...