The modulators are the basic requirement of the communication systems they are designed to reduce the channel distortion & to use in RF communication hence many type of carrier modulation techniques ...

Fig 1. A DP-QPSK transmitter and a coherent receiver with ADC and DSP are key analog components for long-distance transmission systems. Fig 2. Shown is the measured (blue, green) and simulated (red) ...

Fig 1. In this view of the architecture of an optical analyzer, the coherent reference receiver serves as the optical front end to the digitizer, taking as inputs two single-mode fibers, one carrying ...