Pete Rathburn is a copy editor and fact-checker with expertise in economics and personal finance and over twenty years of experience in the classroom. Getty Images / Monty Rakusen Analysts can assess ...

Monte Carlo simulations predict investment risks and returns using computer models. They enable investors to assess outcomes under various market conditions. Accessible tools like online calculators ...

Planning for retirement is full of uncertainties. How long will you live? Will the markets behave? How will inflation affect ...

Will Kenton is an expert on the economy and investing laws and regulations. He previously held senior editorial roles at Investopedia and Kapitall Wire and holds a MA in Economics from The New School ...

Brief review of conditional probability and expectation followed by a study of Markov chains, both discrete and continuous time. Queuing theory, terminology, and single queue systems are studied with ...

Monte Carlo Simulations are a modeling tool used to simulate reality and calculate probabilities of a portfolio supporting a certain withdrawal rate. With the market collapse of 2008, however, many ...

Researchers have developed a highly efficient method to investigate systems with long-range interactions that were previously puzzling to experts. These systems can be gases or even solid materials ...