However, details of the intervening steps, as researchers have learned in the past 65 years, are quite complex — certain cells carry the flu antigen to the immune system, specific immune cells respond ...

At the surface, the immune response to a flu virus is simple. Some cells recognize the pathogen and send a signal to the immune system, and immune cells produce a potentially lifesaving antibody ...

By profiling over 16 million immune cells from people aged 22 to 65 after flu vaccination, scientists discovered that memory T cell function changes with age.

Three doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination induce long-lasting antibody and memory B-cell responses, according to a study of 113 healthcare workers in Catalonia who were followed during three years. The ...

Conjugate vaccines are composed of bacterial polysaccharide antigens covalently linked to protein carriers, enabling T cell-dependent immune responses that induce high-affinity antibodies and ...

Sequential administration of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) led to nonsignificant increases in memory B cells by week 28 in ...

T-bet expression is required for persistence of memory B cells that have rapid differentiation potential to become antibody-producing plasma cells in response to a second infection BIRMINGHAM, Ala. – ...