After my last Signal Chain Basics article, The basics of op amp loop-stability analysis: A tale of twin loop-gains, I received questions about how to generate the open-loop SPICE simulation curves ...

The two most common categories of process responses in industrial manufacturing processes are self-regulating and integrating. A self-regulating process response to a step input change is ...

(Editor's additional note: if you are not familiar with the principles and analysis of PID control: you should be; It is the most important, studied, understandable, and applied closed-loop control ...