The inverted pendulum on a cart represents a classical benchmark of underactuated nonlinear systems characterized by strong coupling, inherent instability, and sensitivity to uncertainties. This paper ...

A two-dimensional finite element (FEM) model was developed to simulate water propagation in soil during irrigation. The first dimension was water distribution depth in soil, and the second dimension ...

The Takagi--Sugeno (T--S) fuzzy descriptor system offers a promising avenue for controlling non-linear systems but lacks optimal control strategies. Moreover, while robust control methods have been ...