Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel Frankenstein served as a chilling prophecy of the ethical dilemmas that science could pose. From ...

Ratios of mRNA transcript abundance between sample types are measures of biological activity. These measurements of differential gene expression are important to underpin new biological hypotheses and ...

Figure 2: A schematic representation of the logical model of the aromatic amino acid pathway in yeast. We needed a way of representing prior biological knowledge in the computer, so we developed a ...

Deep in the heart of the matter, some numbers don't add up. For example, while protons and neutrons are made of quarks, ...

Gene expression microarray experiments are intrinsically two-phase experiments. Messenger RNA (mRNA), required for the microarray experiment, must first be derived from plants or animals that are ...

All pharmaceutical products are formulated to specific dosage forms for drugs to be effectively delivered to patients. Typical pharmaceutical dosage forms include oral tablets, capsules, solutions, ...

Science lessons have traditionally given pupils the opportunity to learn by carrying out a variety of practical experiments. Examples include: • Pupils learning how a chemical reaction can be produced ...

Educational research indicates that error reflection, especially reflection on incorrect examples, has a positive effect on knowledge acquisition. The benefit of ...