INTRODUCTION: Density functional theory (DFT) is a widely used method for calculating the electronic properties of materials. The method is based on the idea of approximating the many-electron wave ...

At its core, DFT postulates that the ground-state energy of a quantum system is a functional of the electron density. This principle, known as the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem, simplifies the problem of ...

Living organisms, ecosystems and the planet Earth are, from a physics point of view, examples of extraordinarily large and complex systems that are not in thermal equilibrium. To physically describe ...