These chains come in a wide range of lengths. In humans a typical protein is about 400 amino acids long; some are a lot longer. Molecules of RNA, one of the two nucleic acids, can reach up to 100,000 ...

Our genes contain all the instructions our body needs to function, but their expression must be finely regulated to guarantee that each cell performs its role optimally. This is where DNA and RNA ...

This diagram depicts the chemical structure of pyrimidine, a six-membered aromatic ring with two nitrogen atoms at positions 1 and 3 (highlighted in blue). The remaining positions are occupied by ...

Genes contain instructions for protein production, and the central dogma of biology states that this information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins. However, only about 2% of the human genome actually ...

This image illustrates the chemical structure of a purine molecule, highlighting the numbering of the carbon and nitrogen atoms. The purine structure consists of a pyrimidine ring (positions 1 to 6) ...

Contrary to historic understanding of RNA’s longevity in cells, some RNAs can persist in cells throughout the life of an organism. Lead authors, Martin Hetzer, PhD, president of the Institute of ...