This article originally appeared on Undark. Who hasn’t gazed at a murmuration of thousands of starlings wheeling rhythmically above their roost at dusk, and not wondered at the majesty and mystery of ...

Complex systems science examines how interactions among numerous components give rise to collective patterns, behaviours and functions that cannot be predicted by studying elements in isolation.

Scientists have traced the origins of complex life to the breakup of the supercontinent Nuna 1.5 billion years ago. This tectonic shift reduced volcanic carbon emissions, expanded shallow seas, and ...