Binary arithmetic is simulated by packing 32 bits into a single 32 bit integer and then performing bitwise XNOR operations.

It seems that inhabitants of Mangareva island in French Polynesia created their own particular hybrid of decimal and binary number systems to do mental arithmetic.

Binary arithmetic, the basis of all virtually digital computation today, is usually said to have been invented at the start of the eighteenth century by the German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz.