Secret communication over public channels is one of the central pillars of a modern information society. Using quantum key distribution this is achieved without relying on the hardness of mathematical ...

A random variable is a mathematical function that maps outcomes of random experiments to numbers. It can be thought of as the numeric result of operating a non-deterministic mechanism or performing a ...

Let (Ω, F, P) be a probability space, and let X be a random variable defined on (Ω, F, P). If A is a sub σ-field of F, then E(X ∣ A) is the a.s. unique A measurable function such that, for all A ε A, ...

The range of correlation coefficient of any bivariate discrete random vector with finite or countably infinite values is derived. We show analytically that the normal-transformed discrete bivariate ...